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<text id=93TT0081>
<title>
Oct 18, 1993: Hot Time For A Cool Contest
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
Oct. 18, 1993 What in The World Are We Doing?
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SCIENCE, Page 85
Hot Time For A Cool Contest
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Records fall in the fierce competition to create superconductors
at higher and higher temperatures
</p>
<p>By J. MADELEINE NASH
</p>
<p> Paul C.W. Chu is science's version of a champion pole vaulter.
Every time he smashes a world record, he just puts the bar a
bit higher and goes at it again. It's not just that he's never
satisfied with himself; he also knows his many competitors won't
let the record stand. What Chu, a University of Houston physicist,
and his rivals keep pushing higher and higher is the temperature
at which it's possible to create superconductors--those almost
magical materials that allow electricity to flow through them
with no resistance whatsoever. When scientists get the temperature
high enough, superconductors could, among other wonderful things,
make computers more powerful, turn electric cars practical and
improve energy efficiency by offering a superior alternative
to copper wiring. At stake in this competition is far more gold
than the Olympic judges could ever award.
</p>
<p> Chu and his colleagues first stunned the research community
six years ago by showing that a compound containing the exotic
element yttrium could become a superconductor at 98 degrees
on the Kelvin scale favored by physicists (that's a not-so-balmy
-283 degreesF). That record, broken repeatedly, is now as outdated
as the 19-foot pole vault, and last month the contest heated
up again. First Chu announced in the journal Nature that a mercury-based
compound could superconduct at 153 degreesK (-184 degreesF),
a startling 20 degrees higher than the old standard. He got
that result by subjecting the material to enormous pressure--the sort that creates diamonds from carbon. Just a week later,
a team of researchers in France and Russia reported in Science
that they had hit 157 degreesK (-177 degreesF) with a similar
compound. Now Chu says he has pushed the mark up to 164 degreesK
(-164 degreesF), though he hasn't published this result. "It's
really exciting," he says. "Everything is moving fast, really
fast."
</p>
<p> Superconductors have already been put to impressive use. They
are essential to the powerful electromagnets in the huge particle
smashers used by physicists and to the magnets that levitate
superfast trains called maglevs and enable them to glide above
their tracks. To do the job, however, these superconductors
must be kept at very low temperatures (around 4 degreesK) through
the use of liquid helium, an expensive and hard-to-handle coolant.
The goal of current research is to produce superconductors that
can perform their magic at less frigid temperatures that are
easier to reach and maintain. What's exciting about the latest
mercury compounds, Chu points out, is that they can theoretically
do their thing with the help of ordinary coolants like Freon,
which circulates in household refrigerators.
</p>
<p> Even so, the newest superconductors may have trouble making
it out of the lab into commercial products. Their biggest drawback:
mercury is extremely toxic. But that doesn't diminish the importance
of the discoveries. By studying the mercury compounds, Chu and
other scientists can learn more about what makes molecules become
superconductors and how laboratory tricks can help the process
along. The research has barely begun, and countless compounds
remain to be tested. Chu intends to work his way through the
periodic table, looking for promising elements to mix into his
superconducting concoctions. What's a likely candidate? Well,
says Chu, maybe gold.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>